Update 17 Dec 2013
Solitary confinement not only is clearly categorized among torture methods, but also, as a severe stressor, eventually leading to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and suicidal behaviour. In the sample studied, prisoners with PTSD caused by imprisonment in a solitary cell, suffocation or detention in narrow confinement, developed suicidal behaviour associated with hanging or asphyxia. I published these findings (papers 1, 2, ) in Journal of Traumatic Stress, and (paper 3, down below) in the Swedish Medical Journal, Läkartidningen. The findings have been confirmed in peer-reviewed scientific papers.
"According to the Swedish Prison and Probation Service, in July approximately 45 percent of pretrial detainees were subject to extended isolation or to restrictions on mail delivery or exercise." / U.S. Department of State: "2010 Human Rights Report: Sweden"
By Marcello Ferrada de Noli, Bergamo, Italy
As
a possible contribution to the legal defence of Bradley Manning, I am
sharing these research findings that I published, together with a group
of scientists, in the Journal of Traumatic Stress. These are
part of a series of traumatic and suicide related findings I published
while in different research commitments at Harvard Medical School
between 1997 and 2000. Mainly as Harvard Research Fellow and Lecturer of
Social Medicine. I have also added an article published in the Swedish
Medical Journal (Läkartidningen). I will later add further material I
have published (English) in scientific journals, and which are related
to this topic.
These
clinical psychiatric discoveries published in the world leading journal
on psychic-trauma related research, edited in the US, show that
solitary confinement not only is clearly categorized among torture
methods, but serving as severe stressor, eventually leading to
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and suicidal behaviour.
I
wish to emphasize that these discoveries were done with the
collaboration of internationally known scientists in the fields of
clinical psychiatry, forensic pathology and traumatic stress. Among
others Professor of Psychiatry Marie Åsberg
(formerly chairman of the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute,
and precursor of the world known Serotonin discoveries in association
with depression and suicidal behaviour (5-HIAA in the cerebrospinal
fluid as biochemical suicide predictor), Professor of Forensic Medicine Kari Ormstad, Norway, and Professor of Psychology Elisabet Sunbom of the University of Umeå.
I
have devoted much of my professional life-span after to study these
phenomena among former political prisoners. I have myself been witness
to these traumatic events inflicted on hundreds of prisoners in the Prisoners Camp of Quiriquina Island,
The Football Stadium and in the Detention and Torture Centre set up
1973 by Pinochet's Marine Corps in the Borgoño Garrison in Concepción.
Personally,
my first experience in a solitary cell had occurred earlier in August
1969, after a detention warrant issued by the Christian Democratic
government of President Eduardo Frei against 13 leaders of the "Terrorist" organization Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR) [See press clip of El Mercurio publishing 23/7/1973 a time-line of "historical" MIR events, here below].
I began to write on human issues in the Swedish "case" against WikiLeaks' founder Julian Assange, precisely after I read the news in Italy that he had been confined in a solitary cell in London, caused by a warrant nominally issued by the Swedish authorities. The "case" showed out being of purely political nature.
Paper 1 (English)
Paper 2 (English)
The torture method known as Pau de Arara. Painting above based in a drawing I presented at the Tribunal Russel in Rome 1974, during my witnessing statement on the Crimes perpetrated by the fascist dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet. The painting was exhibited at the art event "The missing ones" arranged by Amnesty International in Kulturhuset, Stockholm 1977
Paper 3 (Swedish)
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